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I have a sore throat.

我喉咙痛。
It hurts when I swallow./ˈswɒləʊ/我吞咽的时候就痛。
It hurts to talk. /When I talk loudly, my throat really hurts. 我说话的时候痛。/我大声说话的时候，我的喉咙很痛。
As I talk for too long, my voice gets really hoarse.我要是说话时间长了，就嗓音嘶哑。
My tonsils/ˈtɒnslz/ are swollen. /ˈswəʊlən/我的扁桃体肿了。
I feel like there's something stuck in my throat. 我感觉喉咙里面像是卡了东西一样。
I've got a bad cough. 我感冒了。
I've got a lump in my throat. 我的喉咙里有肿块。
I'm coughing up a lot of phlegm./flem/我咳出很多痰。
I can feel a lot of congestion when I cough. 我咳嗽的时候感觉很堵。
I'm coughing up blood. 我咳出血来了。

经典对话

A: My son's tonsils are really swollen.

我儿子的扁桃体肿得厉害。
B: Does he also have a sore throat?他喉咙痛吗？
A: Yes. It started a few days ago with a sore throat. I thought it was just a cold, but I got worried when it didn't go away. 是的，从几天前就开始喉咙痛。我以为只是感冒，但是老也不好，我有点儿担心。
B: For now, just give him this medicine. But if that doesn't work, we may have to operate and take out his tonsils. 现在先给他吃一点药，但如果不见效的话，我们可能动手术切除他的扁桃体。